9903064

Allergen-induced Synthesis of F2-Isoprostanes
in Atopic Asthmatics
Evidence for Oxidant Stress
RYSZARD DWORSKI, JOHN J. MURRAY, L. JACKSON ROBERTS II, JOHN A. OATES, JASON D. MORROW,
LAURA FISHER, and JAMES R. SHELLER
Center for Lung Research and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenessee It is thought that reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in the inflammation which characterizes
asthma, but the evidence supporting this contention is incomplete. F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs) are
arachidonate products formed on membrane phospholipids by the action of ROS and thereby repre-
sent a quantitative measure of oxidant stress in vivo. Using a mass spectrometric assay we measured
urinary release of F2-IsoPs in 11 patients with mild atopic asthma after inhaled allergen challenge.
The excretion of F
2-IsoPs increased at 2 h after allergen (1.5
0.2 versus 2.6 0.3 ng/mg creatinine)
and remained significantly elevated in all urine collections for the 8-h period of the study (analysis of
variance [ANOVA]). The measured compounds were of noncyclooxygenase origin because neither
aspirin nor indomethacin given before challenge suppressed them. Urinary F2-IsoPs remained un-
changed after inhaled methacholine challenge. In nine atopic asthmatics, F2-IsoPs were quantified in
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) at baseline values and in a separate segment 24 h after allergen
instillation. F
2-IsoPs were elevated late in the BALF (0.9
0.2 versus 11.4 3.0 pg /ml, baseline ver-
sus allergen, respectively, p ϭ 0.007). The increase was inhibited by pretreatment of the subjects with
inhaled corticosteroids. These findings provide a new evidence for a role for ROS and lipid peroxida-
tion in allergen-induced airway inflammation. Dworski R, Murray JJ, Roberts LJ, II, Oates JA, Mor-
row JD, Fisher L, Sheller JR. Allergen-induced sythesis of F2-isoprostanes in atopic asthmat-
ics: evidence for oxident stress.
AM J RESPIR CRIT CARE MED 1999;160:1947–1951.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways of the reaction of nitric oxide (.NO) with superoxide (OϪ2) gives unknown origin which is increasing in prevalence. A profound peroxynitrite (ONOO)/peroxynitrous acid (ONOOH), a pow- inflammation is a characteristic feature of fatal asthma. How- erful indiscriminate oxidant and nitrating agent. Recently, it ever, recent studies have clearly shown that allergen-mediated has been shown that peroxynitrite is produced in the asth- inflammation exists even in patients with mild disease (1). Re- matic airway (9). The finding is not surprising because in- active oxygen species (ROS) are likely to participate in asthma.
creased amounts of both .NO and O are generated in asthma There is a favorable biochemical environment for free radical (10). In addition to cells, there are several environmental sources mediated reactions in the asthmatic airways: (1) the major in- of oxidants, e.g., ozone, a major pollutant, is a potent nonradi- flammatory cells involved in asthmatic inflammation such as cal oxidant known to generate free radicals in the airways in macrophages and eosinophils produce ROS when activated vivo (11). Nevertheless, because of substantial difficulties in with different stimuli, and, moreover, cells from asthmatics the quantitative measurement of oxidant stress in vivo much possess an increased capability to generate free radicals com- of the evidence for the activity of ROS in asthmatic inflamma- pared with normal cells (2–4); (2) the oxidant “burst” in the tion is indirect or circumstantial. Thus, measurement of in- cells can be stimulated by some asthma mediators (5–7); and creases in .NO and H2O2 in exhaled gas has been taken as an (3) antioxidant mechanisms are disturbed in asthmatics (8).
indication of ROS production, but evidence showing that this Although the commonly generated ROS superoxide radical results in oxidative consequences in the airway is lacking.
(OϪ2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) per se can oxidize biolog- F2-Isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs) are recently discovered stable ical substrates, the damaging effect is greater when they react prostaglandin-like compounds that are primarily synthesized with one another or with other reactive species. For example, by free radical catalyzed peroxidation of arachidonic acid in-dependent of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme. Four F2-IsoP regioisomers can be formed and each of them can consti- (Received in original form March 11, 1999 and in revised form June 7, 1999 ) tute eight racemic diastereomers giving a total of 64 different Supported by NIH Grants GM 15431, GM 42056, DK 48831, CA 77839, DK compounds (12, 13). Unlike prostaglandins, isoprostanes re- main in the cell membrane phospholipids until hydrolyzed by Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to Ryszard Dwor- specific phospholipases (14). E- and D-ring IsoPs, isothrom- ski, M.D., Center for Lung Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, T- boxanes, and isoleukotrienes have also been reported. Re- 1217 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2650. E-mail: ryszard.dworski@ Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Vol 160. pp 1947–1951, 1999
to assess oxidant status in vitro and in vivo in animals and hu- Internet address: www.atsjournals.org
mans. F2-IsoPs are elevated in a number of human vascular AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE and inflammatory disorders which have been thought to be as- monary function measurements were made 3 min after each dose un- sociated with an oxidant stress such as coronary reperfusion, til the FEV1 had decreased by 20% from baseline values. All proto- atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, hepatorenal syndrome, cols were approved by the Vanderbilt University Committee for the liver cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, scleroderma, and in smokers Protection of Human Subjects. All volunteers signed written consentforms before proceeding with the study.
(13). In the human lung, increased formation of F2-IsoPs hasbeen demonstrated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) Analytical Methods
after exposure to ozone (15), in patients with interstitial pul- F -IsoPs in urine and BALF were measured by stable isotope dilution monary fibrosis (16), and in chronic obstructive pulmonary assay that used gas chromatography/negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NICI-MS) (20). In brief, the specimens were In the present study, we demonstrate that inhaled allergen acidified to pH 3 with 1 M HCl and deuterated internal standard ([ H4]8-epi-prostaglandin F2 alpha) was added. Then the samples were atopic asthmatics. In addition, F2-IsoPs are produced in BALF extracted on C18 Sep-Pak columns (Waters Chromatography Division, 24 h after segmental allergen challenge, and the increase can Millipore, Milford, MA) and converted to pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) be abolished by pretreatment of the volunteers with inhaled esters by treatment with a mixture of 10% pentafluorobenzyl bromide corticosteroids. Thus we provide direct evidence that oxidant and 10% N,N-diisopropylethylamine in acetonitrile (Aldrich Chemical injury occurs in the setting of allergic inflammation.
Division, Milwaukee, WI). After evaporation of the reagents underN2, the residue was subjected to thin layer chromatography (What-man, Inc., Clifton, NJ). The plates were scraped according to standard and eluted from the silica with ethyl acetate. The samples were dried Subjects
under N2 and converted to trimethylsilyl ether derivatives by addingN,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) in pyridine (Ald- Eleven patients with mild atopic asthma, 21 to 44 yr of age, underwent rich Chemical Division). The analysis of F2-IsoPs was performed us- inhaled allergen challenge. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar la- ing a Nermag R10-10C (Fairfield, NJ) or Hewlett-Packard 5982A vage (BAL) was performed in nine mild allergic asthmatics 24 to 46 yr mass spectrometer (Palo Alto, CA) and a 15-m DB1701 fused silica of age. None of the subjects was using corticosteroids, disodium cromo- capillary column (J&W Scientific, Folsom, CA). Ions were monitored glycate, or antileukotriene agents. The patients were asked to discon- at a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 569 for endogenous F2-IsoPs and at tinue theophylline and antihistamines for 48 h, and inhaled short-acting -agonist for at least 12 h before allergen challenges. All volunteers PGD-M (9␣, 11␤-dihydroxy-15-oxo-2,3,18,19-tetranorprost-5-ene- were skin-test positive to at least one allergen.
1,20-dioic acid), the major urinary metabolite of prostaglandin D2-PGD2, was quantified by GC-NICI-MS as previously described (21).
Study Design
Briefly, to 1 ml of urine [18O4] PGD-M internal standard was added.
A screening allergen inhalation challenge to determine the dose of al- Then the sample was acidified to pH 3 with HCl and left to stand at room temperature for 30 min to allow quantitative cyclization of the dose), and the measurement of spirometry were carried out as previ- lower side chain to a hemiketal lactone. After extraction with a C18 ously described (18). Antigens used included grass, dust mite, and cat Sep-Pak, methylation of the upper carboxyl, and methoxymation of (Bayer, Spokane, WA). At least 2 wk after the screening challenge, the keto group at C-15, borate buffer (pH 9.1) was added and neutral subjects underwent provocation with the threshold dose of allergen.
lipids were extracted with ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was then Pulmonary function was measured at baseline, then every 15 min for acidified to pH 3 with HCl, and PGD-M was extracted with methylene the first hour after allergen inhalation, and then hourly for 8 h after in- chloride. The lower carboxyl was then converted to a pentafluoroben- halation challenge. Urine for analysis of F zyl ester, and the partially derivatized PGD-M was purified on thin challenge and then every 2 h for the 8 h of the study. On a separate oc- layer chromatography. After conversion to a trimethylsilyl ether de- casion, inhaled allergen challenge and the collection of urine samples rivative, quantification of PGD-M was accomplished by selected ion were reproduced in six volunteers after pretreatment with oral aspirin monitoring: mass-to-charge ratio was 514 for endogenous PGD-M and (three doses of 900 mg the day before and 900 mg on the morning of the study) or indomethacin (50 mg in three daily doses for 2 d and 50mg on the morning of the study and at noon). In another four volun- Statistical Evaluation
teers urine samples were collected at baseline and in 2-h intervals for Kolmogorow-Smirnov testing showed normal distribution of the data.
8 h after a challenge with inhaled methacholine causing a decrease in Consequently, urinary eicosanoids were analyzed using repeated mea- sures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student-Newman-Keuls The bronchoscopy study was conducted according to the protocol multiple comparisons test. Analysis of F2-IsoPs in BALF was per- described elsewhere (19). Nine subjects were randomly assigned to formed using the Student’s t test. Significance was accepted when the receive either inhaled beclomethasone (6 puffs of 42 ␮g each 1 h be- fore antigen instillation, and then the same dose 12 and 24 h later) oridentical placebo in a double-blind, crossover fashion. After topical lidocaine anesthesia, a fiberoptic bronchoscope was inserted into theairways, and a control BAL was performed in either a lingula or right In all volunteers inhalation of the allergen provoked a 20% or middle lobe using 50-ml aliquots of warmed normal saline. In the op- greater decrease in FEV1 from the baseline. The excretion of posite segment, allergen to which the volunteer was skin prick test pos- F2-IsoPs was significantly increased at 2 h after allergen inha- itive was instilled (5 ml of a solution at 10 allergy units [AU] or 1:10,000).
lation and remained elevated in all urine collections for the Drug was continued and 24 h later the antigen-challenged segment 8-h time period of the study (Figure 1). Six patients developed was similarly lavaged. After a washout period of 3 wk or greater, pa- a late response, which was defined as a decrease in FEV of 20% tients were crossed over to the other arm of the study. All patients tol- erated the study without incident. The fluid was filtered through loose or more from the baseline at 4 to 8 h after allergen inhalation.
gauze, centrifuged, and stored at Ϫ70Њ C until the analysis was done.
The concentrations of F2-IsoPs in these patients were not in-creased compared with subjects with only an early response.
Methacholine Challenge
To demonstrate that the F2-IsoPs appearing in the urine af- ter allergen challenge were not the COX products of arachi- Volunteers had measurements of FEV1 in duplicate followed by inha-lation of doubling concentrations of methacholine every 5 min start- donic acid, oral aspirin or indomethacin was administered in ing at a concentration 0.075 mg/ml to a maximum of 20.0 mg/ml via six volunteers before allergen inhalation challenge. COX inhi- DeVilbiss 646 nebulizer coupled to a Rosenthal-French dosimeter bition was documented by the measurement of the urinary lev- (Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Baltimore, MD). Repeat pul- els of PGD-M, a metabolite of PGD2, the major COX product Dworski, Murray, Roberts, et al.: F2-Isoprostanes in Allergen-induced Asthma Figure 1. Urinary concentrations of F2-IsoPs in ng/mg creatinine
versus time in 11 atopic asthmatics at baseline and after allergen
Figure 3. Urinary F
2-IsoPs in six atopic asthmatics at baseline and after allergen inhalation challenge after a COX inhibitor. Height of riod is shown as Ϯ SEM. The differences among columns were sig- the bars indicates mean Ϯ SEM. The differences among columns of mast cells. As shown in Figure 2, aspirin or indomethacin erated during allergen-induced reaction in atopic asthmatics.
was effective in blocking the allergen-stimulated increase in Increased concentrations of isoprostanes, determined by the PGD-M. In contrast, the levels of F2-IsoPs were not sup- sensitive and specific GC-NICI-MS method, were found in the pressed, confirming a non-COX origin of the measured com- urine after inhaled allergen challenge and in BALF in re- pounds (Figure 3). To ensure that the production of F2-IsoPs sponse to segmental deposition of the antigen. The formation was specific to the inhaled allergen, four volunteers under- of F -IsoPs appears to be a specific response to allergen be- went a challenge with inhaled methacholine causing a 20% or cause the nonspecific bronchoconstrictor, methacholine, did greater decrease in FEV1. No alterations in urinary concentra- not cause an increase in F -IsoPs. The measured compounds 2-IsoPs were generated by methacholine (Figure 4).
were non-COX products because they were not abrogated by Subsequently, F2-IsoPs were measured in BALF from nine pretreatment of the subjects with either aspirin or indometha- patients with mild atopic asthma at baseline, and from a sepa- cin. The inhibition of the COX enzyme in the subjects proved rate lung segment 24 h after allergen instillation. There was a to be adequate because the synthesis of PGD assessed by the measurement of its major urinary metabolite, PGD-M, was allergen challenge. The response was inhibited by pretreat- efficiently blocked by either aspirin or indomethacin. COX- ment of the volunteers with inhaled corticosteroids (Figure 5).
dependent formation of F2-IsoPs has been reported (22), butCOX enzymatic activity does not appear to be the source of DISCUSSION
the urinary F2-IsoPs generated as a consequence of allergic airway stimulation. It is important to emphasize that the fam- lyzed peroxidation lipid products of arachidonic acid, are gen- ily of F2-IsoPs contains 64 different compounds which havebeen identified both in vitro and in vivo (13) and that ourmethodology does not characterize the whole profile of F2-ring isoprostanes produced during allergen-evoked inflamma-tion in asthmatics; thus, the total amount of isoprostanes gen- Figure 2. Urinary concentrations of PGD-M in ng/mg creatinine in
six atopic asthmatics at baseline and after allergen provocation af-
ter placebo (open bars) or a COX inhibitor (hatched bars). Mean
Figure 4. Urinary F2-IsoPs in four atopic asthmatics at baseline and
amount of PGD-M for each time period is shown as Ϯ SEM. Aspi- after methacholine inhalation challenge. Height of the bars indi- rin or indomethacin significantly blocked the allergen-stimulated cates mean Ϯ SEM. The release of F2-IsoPs was unchanged by methacholine inhalation causing 20% or greater decrease in FEV1.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE can be interpreted as new evidence for an increased oxidantstress in allergen-induced asthmatic reaction. Our finding co-incides with the results of earlier studies demonstrating theaugmented activity of ROS in asthma (3, 4, 11, 24–26). The in-hibition of allergen-provoked formation of F2-IsoPs in BALFby inhaled beclomethasone suggests that corticosteroids,which are known to inhibit the late allergic inflammation, mayact in part by restraining oxidant stress. This effect of corticos-teroids may have been caused by a reduction in the numberand activation of cells producing free radicals. Indeed, in asimilar experimental model of the late-phase reaction to localallergen challenge, inhaled corticosteroids diminished the in-flux of eosinophills and reduced the production of inflamma-tory mediators such as leukotriene B4 (27).
It is unknown if F2-IsoPs play a role as a pathophysiological factor in allergen-provoked asthma. Isoprostanes are biologi-cally active compounds. Some of the known effects of F2-IsoPscould be relevant to the pathophysiology of the lung. For ex-ample, one of the F2-IsoPs, 8-epi-PGF2␣, constricts animal and human airways in vitro (28) and causes airflow obstruction andairway plasma exudation in guinea pig in vivo (29). 8-epi-PGF2␣ is also a potent vasoconstrictor of the pulmonary artery Figure 5. F2-IsoPs in pg/ml BAL fluid from nine atopic asthmatics
in rabbits and rats (13, 30). Therefore, although no analogous at baseline and after allergen instillation on placebo (Pl) and 24 h data exist in humans, F2-IsoPs could be viewed not only as after pretreatment with inhaled corticosteroids (CS). Height of the markers but also as possible mediators of oxidant stress injury bars indicates mean Ϯ SEM. Allergen challenge provoked a signifi- in vivo. The mechanism of the action of F2-IsoPs is unclear.
cant increase in F2-IsoPs on placebo (open bars) (p ϭ 0.007). The in- The involvement of the thromboxane receptor as well as a crease was suppressed by pretreatment with inhaled beclometha- unique isoprostane receptor has been proposed, though the sone (hatched bars) (p ϭ 0.13).
latter hypothesis has not been validated by any experimentaldata (13). While most of the studies on the biological functionsof F2-IsoPs have been performed with 8-epi-PGF2␣, it is likely erated is unknown but must be greater than the amount we that other compounds are also bioactive (31). Finally, one can not exclude the possibility that other biologically active iso- The rise of the concentrations of F2-IsoPs in BALF 24 h af- prostanes (for example, isoprostanes of the E series and isole- ter segmental allergen challenge shows that isoprostanes are ukotrienes [13] and even distinct classes of lipid peroxidation generated directly in the airways of asthmatic subjects in re- products) could also be formed in response to allergen in asth- sponse to allergen. On the other hand, we did not find consis- matics. This notion leads to another general question: could tent release of F2-IsoPs into BALF 4 min after allergen in- ROS-generated oxidized lipids play a pathophysiological role stillation (data not shown). The lack of F2-IsoPs early in an in allergic inflammation? Recent experimental studies sug- allergic reaction could result from a different time course of gest that modest oxidation of membrane lipids may stimulate ROS formation as opposed to mediators such as tryptase and the expression of selected genes and alter several cellular re- the leukotrienes. It is also known that there is a significant de- sponses (32–35). From that perspective, investigation of ROS- lay from the time of initial lipid peroxidation on the cell mem- mediated lipid peroxidation might be an exciting and impor- brane to the appearance of free isoprostanes (14). This pre- tant avenue for future studies on the pathogenesis of allergic sumably results from the time necessary for phospholipase activation and subsequent hydrolysis of isoprostanes.
In summary, this study demonstrates that inhaled allergen The quantitative assessment of oxidant stress in pathophys- challenge causes the release of F2-IsoPs into the urine of iological processes, particularly in vivo, has been associated atopic asthmatics. F2-IsoPs are also increased in BALF late af- with major difficulties due to the deficiency of reliable meth- ter segmental allergen challenge, and this increase can be re- ods. The analysis of lipid peroxidation in human body fluids duced by pretreatment with inhaled corticosteroids. The patho- and tissues based on diene-conjugate and thiobarbituric acid physiological role of lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of (TBA) assays has been frequently used for that purpose; how- asthmatic inflammation provoked by allergen challenge is cur- ever, both methods are characterized by a low sensitivity and specificity and, furthermore, can produce confusing artifacts(23). Other traditional approaches, such as an analysis of ex- Acknowledgment : The authors thank Brendie Keane, R.N., and John Hols-
pired breath condensate hydrogen peroxide and exhaled pen- inger for their assistance with this study, and Tamara Lasakow for editorialhelp in preparing the manuscript.
tane levels or a measurement of substrate oxidizability or spintrapping of free radical adducts ex vivo suffer from similar lim-itations. Isoprostanes are stable free radical–catalyzed prod- References
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Source: http://www.ambra.unibo.it/giorgio.sartor/didattica/docs/bioc-inq_old/polveri_sottili/Allergen-induced%20Synthesis%20of%20F.pdf